![]() ![]() However, it is noteworthy that some species of the subgenera Anopheles and Cellia Theobald, 1902 exhibit a shallow subdivision into three lobes, but the distinction between the median and lateral lobes is not as evident as in species of the genus Chagasia Cruz, 1906 (Fig. Consequently, the scutellar setae are uniformly distributed along the posterior border (Fig. ![]() In the Anophelinae, the majority of the species of the genera Anopheles Meigen, 1818 and Bironella Theobald, 1905 have the posterior margin of the scutellum rounded, not developed with median and lateral lobes. In addition to the morphological traits that identify members of the Culicidae Meigen, 1818, most females of the subfamily Anophelinae Grassi, 1900 differ from those of the subfamily Culicinae Meigen, 1818 by having the maxillary palpi as long as the proboscis. Valid species of the genus Anopheles of the subgenera Anopheles, Kerteszia, Lophopodomyia, and Stethomyia found in South America are provided in Table 1 in Sallum et al. The terminology of Harbach & Knight is followed in the key below. It is highly recommended to examine all life stages to reach an accurate species identification using morphology. Thus, when facing morphological variations, further investigations will be necessary to verify if those observed differences can indicate an unknown species. Likely, a specimen that may belong to a species that was not formally named will be identified to a morphologically similar species. Employment of this key to identify both unknown species and those already defined by molecular approach should be considered with caution. The newly proposed identification key compiled morphological information for identification of females, however, ideally characters of the male genitalia, fourth-instar larvae, and scanning electron microscope of the eggs should be examined to increase accuracy. ![]() In addition, increased sampling in remote and poorly sampled regions of South America will propitiate discovery of new species and improvement in the taxonomic knowledge and nomenclature of the group as well. Morphological similarities and overlapping characters are common in species of the genus Anopheles and will increase with further taxonomic studies using molecular tools to address identification, phylogeny and establish species complexes. Identification of species of the genus Anopheles based on female morphology can, for various reasons, be inaccurate. ![]() The female key was modified from Forattini, Wilkerson & Strickman, and Harrison et al. shows the traditional classification of the genus Anopheles. Photomicrographs were further processed in Adobe Photoshop ( ) to embed names and labels. BANDING IN HELICON REMOTE SOFTWAREPhotomicrographs of relevant characters for the female key were taken using a digital Canon Eos T3i (Canon, USA), attached to a stereomicroscope, using the program Helicon Focus software ( ), which was used to build single in-focus images by stacking multiple images of the same structure. In addition, original descriptions, keys, summaries, and revisions from the published literature were examined. The primary types (holotypes and paratypes) and other field-collected specimens deposited in the Coleção Entomológica de Referência, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (FSP-USP), Museo de Entomología, Universidad del Valle, Santiago de Cali, Colombia (MUSENUV) and the US National Mosquito Collection, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA (USNMC) were selected and morphologically studied to discover additional characters to be used in the female key. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( ) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. ![]()
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